Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but can also spread to other parts of the body. There have been reported cases of tuberculosis in the United Stated and recently, in Michigan. The increase in TB cases underscores the importance of staying informed about TB, its symptoms, and how to protect yourself and others.
Tuberculosis is a highly contagious bacterial infection that commonly targets the lungs but can affect other parts of the body. The TB bacteria, called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spreads through airborne particles when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of active TB include a cough that lasts three weeks or longer, fatigue, fever, chills, coughing up blood, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, confusion, back pain and voice hoarseness.
Stages of Tuberculosis
TB has three stages, the primary infection, latent infection and active TB. Understanding the three stages is crucial for early detection and treatment.
- Primary Infection: This happens when a person is exposed to TB and the bacteria enters the body. Most people do not have symptoms at this point, but those who do may experience a low-grade fever, fatigue, and a mild cough. The immune system will identify the bacteria and attempt to contain it, but the bacteria can still survive and remain dormant, which can lead to further complications.
- Latent Tuberculosis: In the latent stage, the TB bacteria In the latent stage, the TB bacteria remain in the lungs but are not active. A person who has latent TB will have a positive TB test but no symptoms. They do not require treatment and cannot spread TB to other people. Latent TB can become active later, especially if the immune system is weakened.
- Active Tuberculosis: In the final stage of tuberculosis, the bacteria become active and multiply rapidly, outpacing the body’s immune system. Individuals with active TB have symptoms and are highly contagious. If left untreated, active TB can lead to severe illness and even death.
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Importance of early detection
Early detection of TB is critical for effective treatment and preventing the spread of the bacteria. Regular screening and prompt medical attention are essential, especially for those who are considered high risk. Learning to identify TB in its latent stage or early stages can help individuals begin treatment before the infection becomes contagious or leads to severe illness.
Who is at risk?
Individuals at high risk of developing TB include those who have compromised immune systems or chronic conditions such as HIV, diabetes, cancer or other autoimmune disorders. Additionally, individuals who have latent TB for an extended period are at higher risk of developing active TB. It’s important to know who is at risk so preventative measures can be taken.
How to protect yourself and others
There is a vaccination for TB, however it is not commonly used in the United States. The TB vaccine may be considered for individuals at high risk and requires meeting with a TB expert through the county health department. The most effective way to prevent TB is to isolate those who test positive for TB to prevent transmission. Practicing good hygiene, covering coughs and wearing protective masks in high-risk areas are also crucial steps in reducing the spread. Limiting international travel in high transmission countries for those who are at high risk is key.
Treatment
Active TB can be successfully treated with a combination of medications. It is critical to follow the prescribed treatment regimen and complete the full course of medications to ensure the bacteria from TB are eliminated. In many cases, a healthcare provider will closely monitor medication adherence and patient’s progress to ensure the treatment plan is successful.
Conclusion
Tuberculosis continues to be a significant health threat, particularly with cases on the rise. By understanding the stages of TB, recognizing those at risk and adhering to treatment protocols, we can protect ourselves and others from the spread of this infectious disease.
Early recognition and timely treatment are key to managing TB and preventing it from becoming a widespread problem. Stay informed, take preventative actions and speak with a healthcare provider if you suspect you may have TB.
